Welcome TO website Maya Indrasari...

• Hai,
  Terimakasih telah mengunjungi website ini, sebelumnya Saya mau memperkenalkan diri , saya adalah Maya Indrasari yang memiliki website ini, dan nama Website saya mayarpckns.blogspot.com, saya ambil dari nama pertama dari nama saya, dan kemudian ditambahkan di belakang nama-Nya mayarpckns.blogsot.com
  
  saya tinggal di Bogor, Indonesia, dan saya berharap anda dapat mengenal saya lebih jauh lagi dengan menggunakan website ini
  
  Salam Hangat,
  
  Mayarpckns
  

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Maya Indrasari

Sejarah Perkembangan Sistem Operasi

Apa sih sistem operasi itu ?
Sistem operasi merupakan sebuah penghubung antara pengguna dari komputer dengan perangkat keras komputer. Sebelum ada sistem operasi, orang hanya mengunakan komputer dengan menggunakan sinyal analog dan sinyal digital (silahkan cari sendiri apa itu sinyal analog dan sinyal digital). Seiring dengan berkembangnya pengetahuan dan teknologi, pada saat ini terdapat berbagai sistem operasi dengan keunggulan masing-masing. Untuk lebih memahami sistem operasi maka sebaiknya perlu diketahui terlebih dahulu beberapa konsep dasar mengenai sistem operasi itu sendiri.
Pengertian sistem operasi secara umum adalah pengelola seluruh sumber-daya yang terdapat pada sistem komputer dan menyediakan sekumpulan layanan (system calls) ke pemakai sehingga memudahkan danmenyamankan penggunaan serta pemanfaatan sumber-daya sistem komputer ( artikel bahan kuliah).
Menurut Wikipedia sistem Operasi adalah software pada lapisan pertama yang ditempatkan pada memeori komputer pada saat komputer dinyalakan. Sedangkan software-software lainnya dijalankan setelah Sistem Operasi berjalan, dan Sistem Operasi akan melakukan layanan inti umum untuk software-software itu.
Bagaimana Sejarah perkembangan sistem operasi ?
Menurut Tanenbaum, sistem operasi mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat, yang dapat dibagi kedalam empat generasi:
1. Generasi Pertama (1945-1955)
Generasi pertama merupakan awal perkembangan sistem komputasi elektronik sebagai pengganti sistem komputasi mekanik, hal itu disebabkan kecepatan manusia untuk menghitung terbatas dan manusia sangat mudah untuk membuat kecerobohan, kekeliruan bahkan kesalahan. Pada generasi ini belum ada sistem operasi, maka sistem komputer diberi instruksi yang harus dikerjakan secara langsung.
2. Generasi Kedua (1955-1965)
Generasi kedua memperkenalkan Batch Processing System, yaitu Job yang dikerjakan dalam satu rangkaian, lalu dieksekusi secara berurutan.Pada generasi ini sistem komputer belum dilengkapi sistem operasi, tetapi beberapa fungsi sistem operasi telah ada, contohnya fungsi sistem operasi ialah FMS (Fortran Monitoring System) dan IBSYS. Jadi generasi komputer kedua ini merupakan generasi pertama dari sistem Operasi.
3. Generasi Ketiga (1965-1980)
Pada generasi ini perkembangan sistem operasi dikembangkan untuk melayani banyak pemakai sekaligus, dimana para pemakai interaktif berkomunikasi lewat terminal secara on-line ke komputer, maka sistem operasi menjadi multi-user (di gunakan banyak pengguna sekaligus) dan multi-programming (melayani banyak program sekaligus).
4. Generasi Keempat (Pasca 1980an)
Dewasa ini, sistem operasi dipergunakan untuk jaringan komputer dimana pemakai menyadari keberadaan komputer-komputer yang saling terhubung satu sama lainnya. Pada masa ini para pengguna juga telah dinyamankan dengan Graphical User Interface yaitu antar-muka komputer yang berbasis grafis yang sangat nyaman, pada masa ini juga dimulai era komputasi tersebar dimana komputasi-komputasi tidak lagi berpusat di satu titik, tetapi dipecah dibanyak komputer sehingga tercapai kinerja yang lebih baik.
Perjalanan sistem operasi dari Dos,MAC dan Windows
Adapun sejarah sistem operasi yang dirinci dari tahun 1980an. Artikel ini menguraikan sejarah sistem operasi dari DOS, Mac, Windows, BSD, sampai Linux.
1956

• GM-NAAI/O :Sistem operasi pertama ini digunakan pertama kali oleh General Motors pada komputer besar IBM 704. Namun, sistem ini tidak lebih hebat dari Batch Processing.

1969

• Unix :Sistem operasi modern pertama ini dikembangkan oleh Ken Thompson dan Dennis Ritchie yang saat itu membutuhkan sebuah platform yang cepat untuk game “Space Travel” mereka.

1973

• XeroxAlto : Sistem pertama dengan graphical interface yang hanya digunakan untuk penelitian sampai 1981

1980

• QDOS : Tim Paterson dari Seattle Computer menulis QDOS yang dibuat dari OS terkenal pada masa itu, CP/M. QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) dipasarkan oleh Seatle Computer dengan nama 86-DOS karena dirancang untuk prosesor Intel 8086.
• Microsoft : Bill Gates dari Microsoft membeli lisensi QDOS dan menjualnya ke berbagai perusahaan komputer.

1981

• PC  DOS : IBM meluncurkan PC  DOS yang dibeli dari Microsoft untuk komputernya yang berbasis prosesor Intel 8086.
• MS  DOS : Microsoft menggunakan nama MS  DOS untuk OS ini jika dijual oleh perusahaan diluar IBM.

1983

• MS  DOS 2.0 : Versi 2.0 dari MS  DOS diluncurkan pada komputer PC XT.

1984

• System 1.0 : Apple meluncurkan Macintosh dengan OS yang diturunkan dari BSD UNIX. System 1.0 merupakan sistem operasi pertama yang telah berbasis grafis dan menggunakan mouse.
• MS DOS 3.0 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS DOS 3.0 untuk PC AT yang menggunakan chip Intel 80286 dan yang mulai mendukung penggunaan hard disk lebih dari 10 MB.
• MS DOS 3.1 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS DOS 3.1 yang memberikan dukungan untuk jaringan.

1985

• MS Windows 1.0 : Microsoft memperkenalkan MS­Windows, sistem operasi yang telah menyediakan lingkungan berbasis grafis (GUI) dan kemampuan multitasking. Sayangnya sistem operasi ini sangat buruk performanya dan tidak mampu menyamai kesuksesan Apple.
• Novell Netware : Novell meluncurkan sistem operasi berbasis jaringan Netware 86 yang dibuat untuk prosesor Intel 8086.

1986

• MS  DOS 3.2 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS  DOS 3.2 yang menambahkan dukungan untuk floppy 3.5 inch 720 KB.

1987

• OS/2 : IBM memperkenalkan OS/2 yang telah berbasis grafis, sebagai calon pengganti IBM PC DOS.
• MS  DOS 3.3 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS  DOS 3.3 yang merupakan versi paling populer dari MS DOS.
• Windows 2.0 : Windows versi 2.0 diperkenalkan.
• MINIX : Andrew S. Tanenbaum mengembangkan Minix, sistem operasi berbasis Unix yang ditujukan untuk pendidikan. MINIX nantinya menginspirasi pembuatan Linux.

1988

• MS  DOS 4.0 : Microsoft mengeluarkan MS DOS 4.0 dengan suasana grafis.
• WWW : Proposal World Wide Web (WWW) oleh Tim Berners Lee.

1989

• NetWare/386 (juga dikenal sebagai versi 3) diluncurkan oleh Novell untuk prosesor Intel 80386.

1990

• Perpisahan : Dua perusahaan raksasa berpisah, IBM berjalan dengan OS/2 dan Microsoft berkonsentrasi pada Windows.
• Windows 3.0 : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows versi 3.0 yang mendapat sambutan cukup baik.
• MS Office : Microsoft membundel Word, Excel, dan PowerPoint untuk menyingkirkan saingannya seperti Lotus 1 2 3, Wordstar, Word Perfect dan Quattro.
• DR DOS : Digital Research memperkenalkan DR DOS 5.0.

1991

• Linux 0.01 : Mahasiswa Helsinki bernama Linus Torvalds mengembangkan OS berbasis Unix dari sistem operasi Minix yang diberi nama Linux.
• MS DOS 5.0 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS DOS 5.0 dengan penambahan fasilitas full -screen editor, undelete, unformat dan Qbasic.

1992

• Windows 3.1 : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows 3.1 dan kemudian Windows for Workgroups 3.11 di tahun berikutnya.
• 386 BSD : OS berbasis Open Source turunan dari BSD Unix didistribusikan oleh Bill Jolitz setelah meninggalkan Berkeley Software Design, Inc (BSDI). 386 BSD nantinya menjadi induk dari proyek Open Source BSD lainnya, seperti NetBSD, FreeBSD, dan OpenBSD.
• Distro Linux : Linux didistribusikan dalam format distro yang merupakan gabungan dari OS plus program aplikasi. Distro pertama Linux dikenal sebagai SLS (Softlanding Linux System).

1993

• Windows NT : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows NT, OS pertama berbasis grafis tanpa DOS didalamnya yang direncanakan untuk server jaringan.
• Web Browser : NCSA memperkenalkan rilis pertama Mosaic, browser web untuk Internet.
• MS  DOS 6.0 : Microsoft memperkenalkan MS DOS 6.0 Upgrade, yang mencakup program kompresi harddisk DoubleSpace.
• Slackware : Patrick Volkerding mendistribusikan Slackware Linux yang menjadi distro populer pertama di kalangan pengguna Linux.
• Debian : Ian Murdock dari Free Software Foundation (FSF) membuat OS berbasis Linux dengan nama Debian.
• MS  DOS 6.2 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS DOS 6.2.
• NetBSD : Proyek baru OS berbasis Open Source yang dikembangkan dari 386BSD dibuat dengan menggunakan nama NetBSD.
• FreeBSD : Menyusul NetBSD, satu lagi proyek yang juga dikembangkan dari 386BSD dibuat dengan nama FreeBSD.

1994

• Netscape : Internet meraih popularitas besar saat Netscape memperkenalkan Navigator sebagai browser Internet.
• MS DOS 6.22 : Microsoft meluncurkan MS DOS 6.22 dengan program kompresi bernama DriveSpace. Ini merupakan versi terakhir dari MS DOS.
• FreeDOS : Jim Hall, mahasiswa dari Universitas Wisconsin River Falls Development mengembangkan FreeDOS. FreeDOS dibuat setelah Microsoft berniat menghentikan dukungannya untuk DOS dan menggantikannya dengan Windows 95.
• SuSE : OS Linux versi Jerman dikembangkan oleh Software und System Entwicklung GmbH (SuSE) dan dibuat dari distro Linux pertama, SLS.
• Red Hat : Marc Ewing memulai pembuatan distro Red Hat Linux.

1995

• Windows 95 : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows 95 dengan lagu Start Me Up dari Rolling Stones dan terjual lebih dari 1 juta salinan dalam waktu 4 hari.
• PC DOS 7 : IBM memperkenalkan PC DOS 7 yang terintegrasi dengan program populer pengkompres data Stacker dari Stac Electronics. Ini merupakan versi terakhir dari IBM PC DOS.
• Windows CE : Versi pertama Windows CE diperkenalkan ke publik.
• PalmOS : Palm menjadi populer dengan PalmOS untuk PDA.
• OpenBSD : Theo de Raadt pencetus NetBSD mengembangkan OpenBSD.

1996

• Windows NT 4.0 : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows NT versi 4.0

1997

• Mac OS : Untuk pertama kalinya Apple memperkenalkan penggunaan nama Mac OS pada Mac OS 7.6.

1998

• Windows 98 : Web browser Internet Explorer menjadi bagian penting dari Windows 98 dan berhasil menumbangkan dominasi Netscape Navigator.
• Server Linux : Linux mendapat dukungan dari banyak perusahaan besar, seperti IBM, Sun Microsystem dan Hewlet Packard. Server berbasis Linux mulai banyak dipergunakan menggantikan server berbasis Windows NT.
• Google : Search Engine terbaik hadir di Internet dan diketahui menggunakan Linux sebagai servernya.
• Japan Goes Linux : TurboLinux diluncurkan di Jepang dan segera menjadi OS favorit di Asia, khususnya di Jepang, China dan Korea.
• Mandrake : Gael Duval dari Brazil mengembangkan distro Mandrake yang diturunkan dari Red Hat.

1999

• Support : Hewlett Packard mengumumkan layanan 24/7 untuk distro Caldera, Turbo Linux, Red Hat dan SuSE.
• Corel Linux : Corel pembuat program Corel Draw, yang sebelumnya telah menyediakan Word Perfect versi Linux, ikut membuat OS berbasis Linux dengan nama Corel Linux dan yang nantinya beralih nama menjadi Xandros.

2000

• Mac OS/X : Mac OS diganti dengan mesin berbasis BSD Unix dengan kernel yang disebut sebagai Mac OS/X.
• Windows 2000: Microsoft meluncurkan Windows 2000 sebagai penerus Windows NT.
• Windows Me : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows Me, versi terakhir dari Windows 95.
• China Goes Linux : Red Flag Linux diluncurkan dari Republik Rakyat China.
• Microsoft vs IBM : CEO Microsoft Steve Ballmer menyebut Linux sebagai kanker dalam sebuah interview dengan Chicago Sun Times. Di lain pihak, CEO IBM Louis Gartsner menyatakan dukungan pada Linux dengan menginvestasikan $ 1 milyar untuk pengembangan Linux.

2001

• Windows XP : Microsoft memperkenalkan Windows XP.
• Lindows: Michael Robertson, pendiri MP3.com, memulai pengembangan Lindows yang diturunkan dari Debian. Nantinya Lindows berganti nama menjadi Linspire karena adanya tuntutan perubahan nama oleh Microsoft.

2002

• Open Office : Program perkantoran berbasis Open Source diluncurkan oleh Sun Microsystem.
• OS Lokal : OS buatan anak negeri berbasis Linux mulai bermunculan, diantaranya Trustix Merdeka, WinBI, RimbaLinux, Komura.

2003

• Windows 2003 : Microsoft meluncurkan Windows Server 2003.
• Fedora : Redhat mengumumkan distro Fedora Core sebagai penggantinya. Nantinya ada beberapa distro lokal yang dibuat berbasiskan Fedora, seperti BlankOn 1.0 dan IGOS Nusantara.
• Novell : Ximian, perusahaan pengembang software berbasis Linux dibeli oleh Novell, begitu juga halnya dengan SuSE yang diakuisisi oleh Novell.
• LiveCD : Knoppix merupakan distro pertama Linux yang dikembangkan dengan konsep LiveCD yang bisa dipergunakan tanpa harus diinstal terlebih dahulu. Distro lokal yang dibuat dari Knoppix adalah Linux Sehat dan Waroeng IGOS.

2004

• Ubuntu : Versi pertama Ubuntu diluncurkan dan didistribusikan ke seluruh dunia. Ada beberapa versi distro yang dikeluarkan, yaitu Ubuntu (berbasis Gnome), Kubuntu (berbasis KDE), Xubuntu (berbasis XFCE), dan Edubuntu (untuk pendidikan).

2005

• Mandriva : Mandrake bergabung dengan Conectiva dan berganti nama menjadi Mandriva.

2006

• Unbreakable Linux : Oracle ikut membuat distro berbasis Linux yang diturunkan dari Red Hat Enterprise.
• CHIPLux : Distro lokal terus bermunculan di tahun ini, bahkan Majalah CHIP yang lebih banyak memberikan pembahasan tentang Windows juga tidak ketinggalan membuat distro Linux dengan nama CHIPLux, yang diturunkan dari distro lokal PC LINUX dari keluarga PCLinuxOS (varian Mandriva). CHIPLux merupakan distro lokal pertama yang didistribusikan dalam format DVD.

2007

• Vista : Setelah tertunda untuk beberapa lama, Microsoft akhirnya meluncurkan Windows Vista. Windows Vista memperkenalkan fitur 3D Desktop dengan Aero Glass, SideBar, dan Flip 3D. Sayangnya semua keindahan ini harus dibayar mahal dengan kebutuhan spesifikasi komputer yang sangat tinggi.

2008

• 3D OS : Tidak seperti halnya Vista yang membutuhkan spesifikasi tinggi, 3D Desktop di Linux muncul dengan spesifikasi komputer yang sangat ringan. Era hadirnya teknologi 3D Desktop di Indonesia ditandai dengan hadirnya sistem operasi 3D OS yang dikembangkan oleh PC LINUX. Ada beberapa versi yang disediakan, yaitu versi 3D OS untuk pengguna umum serta versi distro warnet Linux dan game center Linux.

2010
Windows7 : Sistem Operasi ini merupakan penyempurna dari sistem operasi yang di buat sebelumnya oleh microsoft. Bisa dikatakan bahwa sistem operasi ini merupakan sistem operasi terbaik yang ada pada saat ini

History of independent Indonesia

Preliminary
History of Indonesia covers a very long time span, which began in prehistoric times by the "Java Man" at the time about 500,000 years ago. Period in the history of Indonesia can be divided into five age: pre-colonial era, the emergence of the kingdoms of the Hindu-Buddhist and Islam in Java and Sumatra, which mainly relies on trade; colonial era, the introduction of the Europeans (especially the Netherlands) who wants the spice lead colonization by the Dutch for about 3.5 centuries between the beginning of the 17th century until the mid-20th century, the era of independence, after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (1945) until the fall of Sukarno (1966); New Order era, the 32-year reign of Suharto (1966 1998); and the reform era, which lasted until now.
Prehistoric
Geologically, the territory of modern Indonesia appeared roughly around the time of the Pleistocene when still connected to the Asian mainland. The region's first settlers was a man known to Java at the time about 500,000 years ago. The Indonesian archipelago, such as existing at the time of melting of ice formed after the end of the Ice Age.
Pre-colonial era
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Kingdom of West Java Tarumanagara master about the year 400. In 425 Buddhism reached the area. In Renaissance Europe, Java and Sumatra has had thousands of years old civilization heritage and along two major kingdoms of Majapahit in Java and Sriwijaya in Sumatra, while the western part of Java island kingdom inherited the civilization of Tarumanagara and the Kingdom of Sunda.
Hindu-Buddhist kingdom
In the 4th century until the 7th century in the region of West Java, there are Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that is patterned Tarumanagara kingdom, followed by the Sundanese kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. Explorers Chinese I Ching visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At the height of glory, the Srivijaya controlled as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, Majapahit. Majapahit Patih between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada managed to obtain power over the territory that is now mostly Indonesia and almost all the Malay Peninsula. The legacy of the Gajah Mada, including codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.
Islamic Kingdom
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but in fact Islam has already arrived in Indonesia in the 7th century AD. It was already a busy shipping lane and become international through the Malacca Strait that connects the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and the Umayyads in West Asia since the 7th century. According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter of 7th century, became the leader of an Arab merchant Muslim Arab settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This is apparent in the year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya Jambi named Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph 'Umar ibn' Abdul 'Aziz of Bani Umayyad Caliphate request sent da `i who can explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King in the King who is the descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife was also grandson of a thousand kings, who in the animal cages are a thousand elephants, whose territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, spices fragrance, nutmeg and lime lines that fragrant smell to reach out to a distance of 12 miles, to the Arab King who does not associate other gods with God.
I have sent you a gift, which is actually a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explain to me about its laws. "Two years later, the year 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, converted to Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi Sribuza also known by the name of Islam. Unfortunately, in 730 AD captured by Jambi Sriwijaya Sriwijaya Palembang who still adhered to Buddhism.Islam continues to be a political institution mengokoh who carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called the Sultanate of Peureulak established on 1 Muharram 225H 839M or 12 November of that year. Another example is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam arrived in this kingdom in the Maluku islands in 1440. Its king, a Muslim named Bayang Ullah.
Islamic Sultanate then semikin spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, replaced Hinduism as the main trust at the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Only Bali that still retain the majority Hindus. On the islands in the east, Churchman-known Christian and Muslim clergy has been active in the 16th century and 17, and currently there are a large majority of both religions on these islands.
The spread of Islam carried / pushed through trade relations outside the archipelago; this case, because the spreading propaganda or mubaligh an envoy of the Islamic government that came from outside Indonesia, then to feed themselves and their families, the mubaligh this work through how to trade, the mubaligh even this spread Islam to the traders from the natives, until the merchants are embracing Islam and also transmit to other residents, as most traders and experts kingdom / empire was the first to adopt the new religion. Sultanate / Kingdom of importance include Ocean Pasai, Sultanate of Banten, which establish diplomatic relations with European countries, the Kingdom of Mataram in Yogja / Central Java, and the Sultanate and the Sultanate of Ternate in the Moluccas in eastern Tidore.
Dutch colonization
Starting in 1602 the Netherlands gradually became the ruler of the territory which is now Indonesia, by exploiting divisions among small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The only thing that is not affected is the former Portuguese colony, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975, when integrated into the Indonesian province called East Timor. The Dutch controlled Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for a short period in which a small part of Indonesia ruled Britain after the British-Dutch Java War and the period of Japanese occupation during World War II. When colonize Indonesia, Netherlands East Indies Netherlands developed into one of the world's richest colonial power. 350 years of Dutch colonialism for some people is a myth because the new Aceh region was conquered later after the Dutch near bankruptcy.
VOC
In the 17th century the Dutch East Indies and 18 are not controlled directly by the Dutch government but by a trading company called the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC). VOC has been given monopoly rights to trade and colonial activity in the area by the Dutch Parliament in 1602. Its headquarters are in Batavia, now called Jakarta.
VOC main purpose is to maintain its monopoly on the spice trade in the archipelago. This is done through the use and threat of violence against the population in the islands spice, and against people of non-Dutch who tried to trade with their resident. For example, when the population continues to sell the Banda Islands, nutmeg to English merchants, the Dutch troops killed or deported virtually the entire population and then populating the islands with the servants or slaves who worked in the nutmeg plantations. VOC become involved in internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in several battles involving leaders of Mataram and Banten.
After the VOC went bankrupt in the late 18th century and after a short British rule under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch government took over ownership of the VOC in 1816. A rebellion was crushed in Java Diponegoro War in 1825-1830. After 1830 the system of forced cultivation, known as cultuurstelsel in the Dutch language were adopted. In this system, the residents were forced to plant the results of the plantation that became the world market demand at the time, such as tea, coffee, etc.. Results plants were then exported to foreign countries. These systems bring great wealth to the implementer - both the Dutch and the Indonesian. Forced cultivation system is a government monopoly and was abolished in the more free time after 1870.
In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy (Dutch: Ethische Politiek), which included greater investment in education for indigenous people, and little political change. Under the governor-general J.B. van Heutsz Dutch East Indies government extending direct colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, and with it established the foundation for Indonesia's current state.
Nationalism movement
In 1905 the first nationalist movement, [Islamic Trade Union] was formed and was followed in 1908 by the nationalist movements that followed, [Budi Utomo]. The Dutch responded after World War I by the steps of oppression. Nationalist leaders came from small groups consisting of young professionals and students, some of whom have been educated in the Netherlands. Many of those imprisoned for political activities, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.
World War II
In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Dutch East Indies declared state of siege and in July transferred to Japanese exports to the U.S. and Britain. Negotiations with the Japanese aimed to secure supplies of fuel the plane failed in June 1941, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. In the same month, factions from Sumatra receive Japanese aid to bring about a revolution against the Dutch government. The last Dutch troops dikalahkan Japan in March 1942.
Japanese Era
In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and form a government that can provide answers to the needs of the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and the Kyai decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1943. However, the experience of the Japanese occupation in Indonesia is very varied, depending on where someone lives and social status of the person. For those who live in areas that are considered important in warfare, they suffered torture, involved sex slavery, arbitrary detention and the death penalty, and other war crimes. The Dutch and Indonesian-Dutch mix is the target of the Japanese occupation.
In March 1945 the Japanese established the Enterprise Investigation Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). At its first meeting in May, Soepomo talk about national integration and against personal individualism; while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new state was also once claimed to Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, the Portuguese East, and throughout the Dutch East Indies before the war.On August 9, 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Widjodiningrat flown to Vietnam to meet with Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops were to destruction but the Japanese wanted the independence of Indonesia on 24 August.
The era of independence
Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make decisions like that on Aug. 16, Sukarno read the "Proclamation" on the next day. The news of the proclamation spread via radio and leaflets while the Indonesian military forces during the war, Homeland Defense Forces (PETA), the youth, and others immediately set out to maintain the residence of Sukarno.
On August 18, 1945 the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) inaugurated as President Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as Vice President by the Constitution designed a few days earlier. Later formed the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as a temporary parliament until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on August 31, and wants the Republic of Indonesia, which consists of 8 provinces: Sumatra, Borneo (excluding the territory of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei), West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku (including Papua) and East Nusa Southeast.
Independence War
From 1945 to 1949, Australian maritime union are sympathetic to the business of independence, banned all Dutch shipping during this conflict for the Netherlands do not have the logistical support and supplies needed to re-establish colonial rule.
Dutch business to return to power faced strong resistance. After returning to Java, Dutch forces soon recaptured the colonial capital of Batavia, as a result of the Yogyakarta as the capital of nationalist making them. On December 27, 1949 (see article on December 27, 1949), after 4 years of warfare and negotiations, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands transferring sovereignty to the Federal government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of the UN.
Parliamentary democracy
Not long after, Indonesia adopted a new law that consists of the parliamentary system in which the executive council elected by and responsible to the parliament or Assembly. MPR divided the political parties before and after the first election in 1955, so that a stable coalition government difficult to achieve.The role of Islam in Indonesia has become a complicated matter. Soekarno prefer a secular state based on Pancasila while some Muslim groups prefer an Islamic state or a law that contains a section that requires Muslims subject to Islamic law.
Guided Democracy
A failed uprising in Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java and other islands which began since 1958, plus the failure of the Assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system of Indonesia. Consequently in 1959 when President Soekarno unilaterally revived 1945 a temporary constitution, which gives a great presidential power, he did not encounter many obstacles.
From 1959 to 1965, President Sukarno ruled in an authoritarian regime under the label of "Guided Democracy." He is also Indonesia's foreign policy shift towards non-aligned, the policy supported the leaders of important countries of the former colonies who rejected formal alliances with the Western Bloc and the Soviet Bloc. The leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java in 1955 in the Asia-Africa summit to establish a foundation which later became the Non-Aligned Movement.In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soekarno moved closer to Asian communist countries and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in the country. Although PKI is the world's largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support never showed any ideological obedience to the communist party as in other countries.
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
Sukarno opposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia and said that it is a "neo-colonial plan" to facilitate British commercial plans in the region. In addition, with the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, as it would extend the influence of Western imperialism in Asia and give the crack to the United Kingdom and Australia to influence the regional politics of Asia. Responding to the UN's decision to recognize the sovereignty of Malaysia and make Malaysia tetab not members of the UN Security Council, President Sukarno of Indonesia announced the resignation of the UN membership on 20 January 1965 and founded the New Power Conference (CONEFO) as opposed to the United Nations and Ganefo as counter-Olympics. In this confrontation that later resulted in fighting between Indonesia and Malaysia (which is assisted by the British).
The fate of West Irian, West Papua Conflict
At the time of independence, the Dutch government to retain power against the western island of New Guinea (Irian), and allowing the steps toward self-government and the declaration of independence on December 1, 1961.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the region with Indonesia failed, and forces Indonesian paratroopers landed in New Guinea on December 18, before then there was fighting between Indonesian troops and the Netherlands in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressed the Dutch to agree to conduct secret talks with Indonesia, which produces the New York Agreement in August 1962, and Indonesia took control of Irian Jaya terhadapa on May 1, 1963.
30 September Movement / PKI G30 S
Until 1965, the PKI had taken control of much of the mass organizations formed by Sukarno to strengthen support for his regime and, with the approval of Sukarno, began a campaign to establish a "Fifth Force" by arming supporters. Military leaders opposed this.
On 30 September 1965, six senior generals and some other people were killed in a coup attempt blamed on the palace guards loyal to the PKI. Commander of the Army Strategic Command at the time, Major General Suharto, crushed the coup and turned against the PKI. Suharto then use this situation to take over power. More than tens of thousands of people accused of communist and then killed. The number of fatalities in 1966 reached at least 500,000; the most severe in Java and Bali.
New Order Era
After Suharto became President, one of the first to do is register Indonesia became a member of the UN again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia "intends to continue cooperation with the UN and to continue participation in UN activities", and became a member of the United Nations back on September 28, 1966, exactly 16 years after Indonesia accepted the first time.
In 1968, the Assembly was officially inaugurated Suharto for a term of 5 years as president, and he then re-elected successively in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.President Soeharto started "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy and the country from the path taken by Sukarno at the end of his term. New Order chose repair and economic development as its primary purpose and travel policies through an administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western economists trained. During his reign, these policies, and exploitation of natural resources on a large scale to produce great economic growth but not evenly distributed in Indonesia. For example, the number of hungry people reduced to the magnitude of the 1970's and 1980's. He also enrich himself, his family, and co-Sticking close by rampant corruption.
Irian Jaya
After rejecting the supervision of the UN, the Indonesian government implement the "Act of Free Choice" (Free Choice Action) in Irian Jaya in 1969 where the 1025 vice heads of regions of Irian selected and then given training in the Indonesian language. They finally chose to join the consensus of Indonesia. A UN General Assembly resolution and ensure transfer of power to Indonesia. The rejection of Indonesian rule led guerrilla activities of small scale in the years following the transfer of these powers. In a more open atmosphere after 1998, the statements that is more explicit for independence from Indonesia has emerged.
East Timor
From 1596 to 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor, known as Portuguese Timor and separated from the north coast of Australia by the Timor Sea. As a result of political events in Portugal, Portuguese officials abruptly withdrew from East Timor in 1975. In local elections in 1975, Fretilin, a party that led in part by people who bring understanding of Marxism, and UDT, the largest parties, having previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence from Portugal.
On December 7, 1975, Indonesian troops entered East Timor. Indonesia, which has a material and diplomatic support, aided equipment supplied weaponry the United States and Australia, hopes to have East Timor they will acquire additional oil and natural gas reserves and strategic location.In the early days, the Indonesian military (ABRI) kills nearly 200,000 East Timorese - through murder, forced starvation and others. Many human rights violations during East Timor within Indonesia.
On August 30, 1999, the people of East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia in a ballot held by the United Nations. Approximately 99% of the voting population participated; 3/4-nya voted for independence. Immediately after the results were announced, reported that the Indonesian military in East Timor continued vandalism, such as damage to infrastructure in the area.In October 1999, 1976 MPR decree canceling integrate East Timor into Indonesian territory, and the United Nations Transitional Authority (UNTAET) took over responsibility for governing East Timor to full independence achieved in May 2002.
The economic crisis
Suharto announced his resignation, accompanied by BJ Habibie.In mid 1997, Indonesia was attacked Asian financial crisis and the economy (for details see: The Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and the price of oil, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling. Rupiah falls, inflation rose sharply, and capital movement is accelerated. The demonstrators, who initially led the students, asking for the resignation of Suharto. In the midst of mass turmoil the widespread anger, as well as thousands of students occupied the parliament building, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the MPR anoint for the seventh term of office. Suharto then choose the Vice-President, B. J. Habibie, to become the third president of Indonesia.
The Habibie government reform era
President Habibie immediately form a Cabinet. One important task is to re-gain the support of the International Monetary Fund and the community of donor countries for the economic recovery program. He also frees political prisoners and reduce controls on freedom of opinion and the activities of the organization.
Wahid government
Elections to the Assembly, the Parliament, and Parliament was held on June 7, 1999. Democratic Party of Struggle led Sukarno's daughter, Megawati Sukarnoputri came out a winner in parliamentary elections by securing 34% of all votes; Golkar (Suharto's party - has always been a winner before previous elections) to obtain 22%; United Development Party leader Hamzah Haz 12%; Party National Awakening leader Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) 10%. In October 1999, the Assembly inaugurated as president Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati as vice president for the term of office of 5 years. Wahid formed his first cabinet, the National Unity Cabinet in early November 1999 and to reshuffle his cabinet in August 2000.
President Wahid's government to continue the process of democratization and economic development under challenging situations. In addition to the economic uncertainty continues, the government also faces conflicts between ethnic and inter-religion, especially in Aceh, Maluku and Papua. In West Timor, the problems caused the East Timorese people who had no place to live and chaos that made the militant pro-Indonesia East Timor resulted in the problems of humanity and a great social. MPR is increasingly put pressure challenging the policies of President Wahid, causing political debate overwhelming.
Megawati Government
At the first General Session in August 2000, President Wahid gave reports accountable. On January 29, 2001, thousands of demonstrators stormed the Assembly and requested the President to resign by reason of his involvement in corruption scandals. Under pressure from the Assembly to improve the management and coordination within the government, he circulated a presidential decree giving the state power daily to the vice president Megawati. Megawati took over as president shortly afterwards.
Yudhoyono Government
In 2004, the biggest one-day election in the world held and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has emerged as the new president of Indonesia. The new government at the beginning of his tenure has received numerous trials and challenges, such as major earthquakes in Aceh and Nias in December 2004 which was devastating lantakkan part of Aceh and other earthquakes in early 2005 that shook Sumatra.On July 17, 2005, an historic agreement was achieved between the Indonesian government and Free Aceh Movement aimed at ending the 30-year conflict in Aceh.
Encyclopedias
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Eclipse

Eclipse is a free open-source Java environment available from http://eclipse.org. Eclipse is a Java program, but it uses a custom user interface toolkit that does not run on all platforms that supports Java 2. Check the web site for supported platforms. Eclipse requires a Java 2 runtime, so you need to install the Java 2 SDK first before installing Eclipse. You can download the SDK from http://java.sun.com/j2se/.

Starting Eclipse

When you start Eclipse, a startup screen appears, and the program spends some time loading various modules.
When Eclipse has finished loading, you see a screen similar to the following:

Setting preferences

It is a good idea to set preferences for the Java editor that match the conventions of the textbook. Select Window->Preferences from the menu. Select Java->Appearance->Code Formatter from the tree in the left panel.

Then check the boxes Insert a new line before an opening brace and Insert new lines in control statements.



Click on the Style tab. Then uncheck Insert tabs for indentation, not spaces. Set Number of spaces representing an indentation level to 3. (The Eclipse default is 4.)



Click the OK button to save your settings.

Loading an existing program

If you already have your program in a Java file (or a directory containing multiple Java files), then you need to make a project that contains the file. Follow these steps.
Select File->New->Project from the menu. You will get the following dialog.



Select the Java option and click on the Next> button. (Do not select the Simple option!)
In the following dialog, give a name to the project. A good choice for the name is the directory that contains the files. Then uncheck the Use default box, and provide the full path of the directory that contains the files, such as

/home/cay/bigj/ch02/greeter1/

or

c:\bigj\ch02\greeter1\

Click on the Finish button.

The project appears in the left hand panel. Expand it, and also expand the default package icon. Double-click on one of the file names. The file is displayed in an edit window:

Starting a new program

If you write a program from scratch, then you can start your work in Eclipse. It is always best to place each of your programs into a separate directory.  Eclipse will create the directory for you.

Select File->New->Project from the menu. You will get the New Project dialog.
Select the Java option and click on the Next> button. (Do not select the Simple option!)
In the following dialog, give a name to the project. A good choice for the name is the directory that contains the files. Then uncheck the Use default box, and provide the full path of the directory that contains the files, such as

/home/cay/hw1/

or

c:\homework\hw1\

Click on the Finish button. Now locate the name of your new project in the left hand panel. Click on it with the right mouse button. Select New->Class from the menu.

The New Class dialog appears.

Supply the name of the class. If you want a main method for this class, check the box public static void main(String[] args).


Click on the Finish button.
Finally, you get an editor window into which you can type your program.
As you type in your program, occasionally select File->Save from the menu to save your work.

You may enjoy the "content assist" feature of Eclipse. If you type a partial input and then hit CTRL+SPACE, a dialog shows all possible completions. Just pick the one you want from the list.



You may also want to experiment with some of the other convenience features of Eclipse, such as Source->Generate getter and setter.

Compiling a program

To compile a program in Eclipse, select the project in the pane on the left hand side. Then select Project->Rebuild Project from the menu.

Compilation errors are displayed in a window at the bottom of the Eclipse frame.

Click on an error message, and the cursor moves to the offending line in the edit window:

Running a program

To run a program, select the Run->Run as...->Java Application menu option. The program runs. Any console output is directed to a window at the bottom of the screen.

Running applets

To run an applet, first compile the program as previously described. Make sure the current project is still selected in the leftmost pane. Then select the menu option Run->Run as...->Java Applet. Eclipse will launch the applet viewer on the subclass of Applet that it finds in your project.


The applet viewer is started with a default size which is rather small. Just resize the applet window.


Close the window to terminate the applet.

Generating Javadoc comments

Select Project -> Generate Javadoc from the menu. You will get a dialog such as the following one:


Click the cleckbox for the project that you want to document. Then make sure that the destination directory is correct. Click on Finish.

Tracing through a program.

Before debugging a program, you should set a breakpoint at the start of the main method.

Double-click on the gray bar to the left of the edit window, next to the first source line after the line public static void main(String[] args). A blue dot appears, indicating the breakpoint.



Then select the menu option Run->Debug as...->Java Application. The debugger starts and switches the Eclipse display to the debugger perspective. It pauses at the breakpoint that you set.



Whenever you select the menu option Run->Step Over (or the F6 keyboard shortcut), then the debugger executes one line of the program, without stepping inside method calls. For example, tracing over the call

Word w = new Word(token);

will not trace inside the Word constructor but simply run the program to the next line of the main method.
Contrast that with the menu option Run->Step Into(or the F5 keyboard shortcut). This command traces inside method calls. For example, tracing into the line

int syllables = w.countSyllables();

stops at the first line of the countSyllables method:

Watching values

To see the value of a variable of a simple type (such as a number or a string), simply hold the mouse pointer over the variable name when the debugger is stopped. Then the contents of the variable is displayed in a small rectangle next to the variable name. For example, here is the contents of the count variable in the countSyllables method.

The top right window shows all local variables. Click on the triangles to look inside objects. To see the instance fields of the implicit parameter, look inside this.



The top left window shows the call stack (with the most recently called method on top). For example, the following call stack shows that the WordTest.main method called the Word.<init> method, that is, the constructor.

Setting breakpoints

Tracing through a program can be tedious. Often, you want the program to run at full speed until a particular line of code is encountered. To set a breakpoint at a line, double-click on the gray bar to the left. A blue dot indicates the breakpoint.


Now select the menu option Run->Resume or hit the F8 keyboard shortcut. The program runs to the next breakpoint, stopping only for user input.
You can set as many breakpoints as you like.
To remove a breakpoint, double-click on it with the mouse.

Stopping the debugger

When the program has completed, the debugger stops automatically. When you want to terminate a debugging session without running the program to the end, select the menu option Run->Terminate.

To return to the Java perspective (in which you can edit and compile your program), locate the perspectives toolbar at the left of the Eclipse frame:



Click on the button with the "J" (above the bug button). Eclipse will remove the debugger windows and restore the edit windows.